Complex Mixtures: Many environmental and biological samples contain complex mixtures of chemicals, making it difficult to identify and quantify individual toxicants. Low Concentration Detection: Toxicants are often present at very low concentrations, requiring highly sensitive and specific analytical methods. Inter-individual Variability: Genetic and environmental factors can cause variations in how individuals respond to toxicants. Ethical Considerations: Animal testing and human trials in toxicology raise ethical issues that need to be carefully managed.
