- Nanotechnology: Utilizes nanoparticles to improve drug solubility, stability, and targeting. - Biodegradable Polymers: Used in controlled-release formulations to deliver drugs over extended periods. - Liposomes: Spherical vesicles that can encapsulate drugs, improving their delivery and reducing toxicity. - Gene Delivery Systems: Methods such as viral vectors and CRISPR are used to deliver therapeutic genes to target cells.